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(analítico) La educación superior en Chile se ha masificado; sin embargo, se mantiene una alta segmentación en el sistema. En 2016 comienza a implementarse la política de gratuidad, dirigida a estudiantes de menores ingresos. Esta investigación buscó comprender las experiencias académicas de estudiantes con gratuidad en universidades prestigiosas y selectivas, espacios tradicionalmente de reproducción de las clases altas y élites. Se realizaron entrevistas biográficas a trece estudiantes de estas universidades, así como un análisis temático temporal. Los resultados muestran que la obtención de la gratuidad emerge como un facilitador en el acceso, pero los/as estudiantes experimentan fuertes sensaciones de inadecuación académica; se muestran activos en transformar sus disposiciones, realizando un fuerte trabajo sobre sí para permanecer. Las experiencias de jóvenes de menores capitales muestran la persistencia de desigualdades.
(analytical) Higher education in Chile has experienced massification during the last 30 years. However, a high level of segmentation in the system continues. In 2016, the fee-free policy began to be implemented and was designed for lower-income students. This research study sought to understand the academic experiences of fee-free students at prestigious and selective universities, which are considered spaces that reproduce power dynamics in favor of the country's upper classes. Biographical interviews were conducted with 13 fee-free students who are currently enrolled in these universities and a temporal thematic analysis was carried out. The results of the study show that: obtaining fee-free tuition facilitates access to education; both male and female fee-free students experience strong feelings of academic inadequacy; and these students take an active role in transforming their situations by adopting a strong work ethic that helps them continue with their studies. These experiences of young people from lower income backgrounds show the persistence of inequalities in the higher education sector.
(analítico) O Ensino Superior no Chile se massificou nos últimos 30 anos, porém, ainda há uma alta segmentação no sistema. No ano 2016 começa a implementação da política de gratuidade, destinada a estudantes de menor renda. Esta pesquisa buscou compreender as experiências acadêmicas de estudantes com gratuidade em universidades prestigiadas e seletivas, espaços de reprodução das classes altas e das elites. Foram realizadas entrevistas biográficas a treze estudantes destas universidades. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise temática temporal. Os resultados mostram que a obtenção da gratuidade surge como um facilitador no acesso, os e as estudantes experimentam fortes sentimentos de inadequação acadêmica, são ativos na transformação de suas disposições, trabalhando arduamente em si mesmos para permanecer. As experiências dos jovens de menores rendas mostram a persistência das desigualdades.
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RESUMEN La educación alimentaria nutricional es la combinación de estrategias educativas, acompañadas de apoyos ambientales, diseñadas para facilitar la adopción voluntaria de elecciones alimentarias que conducen a un estado óptimo de salud y bienestar. La educación alimentaria nutricional tiene tres componentes: 1) motivación, 2) acción y 3) ambiente. Para elegir la técnica de educación adecuada para cada persona, se deben considerar las características psicoemocionales individuales, especialmente las motivaciones para el cambio y el tipo de personalidad, ya que ambos han mostrado ser buenos predictores de la conducta alimentaria. Dentro de los recursos educativos posibles de utilizar para realizar la educación en alimentación nutricional se encuentran indicaciones verbales, material escrito, uso de internet, dispositivos portátiles, aplicaciones de teléfonos inteligentes, e incluso la clase de cocina. La evidencia demuestra que la educación alimentaria nutricional impacta favorablemente la adherencia a las intervenciones nutricionales, lo cual a la vez se ve reflejado en efectos positivos en la salud.
ABSTRACT Food and nutrition education is the combination of educational strategies, accompanied by environmental supports designed to facilitate voluntary adoption of food choices conducive of health and well-being. It has a motivational phase, an action phase, and an environmental component. To choose the right educational technique for each patient, their individual psychoemotional characteristics must be considered; especially what their motivations for change are, as well as their personality type, because both are good predictors of food behavior. Among the resources that can be used to perform nutrition education are verbal indications, written material, the internet, mobile devices, smartphone applications, and even the kitchen as a place for education. Evidence shows that nutrition education has a favorable impact on diet adherence in different conditions that have an important nutritional component, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, which at the same time produces positive health outcomes.
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RESUMEN El estudio analizó el vínculo entre la didáctica de maestros y las habilidades cognoscitivas de atención, memoria, velocidad y fluidez verbal en estudiantes de primeros grados de un colegio público en Cúcuta-Colombia. Se propuso un diseño exploratorio concurrente con análisis cualitativo y recolección de datos de fuente mixta, con muestreo intencional de 22 estudiantes y 4 maestras. Se evaluaron habilidades cognoscitivas mediante pruebas neuropsicológicas estandarizadas para Colombia y la didáctica fue explorada mediante entrevista semiestructurada siguiendo categorías de enseñanza, aprendizaje y técnicas. Las habilidades cognoscitivas se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y las entrevistas por análisis de triangulación categorial, concluyendo en los niños sobresaliente memoria-velocidad y disminuida atención y fluidez verbal, hallazgos sobresalientes vinculados a didácticas basadas en uso de fichas de aprendizaje, repetición, mecanización, mientras que los resultados inferiores se asociaron al uso de video y pasatiempos.
RESUMO O estudo analisou a relação entre a didática de professores e as habilidades cognoscitivas de atenção, memória, velocidade e fluidez verbal em estudantes de primeiros anos de uma escola pública em Cúcuta - Colômbia. Utilizou-se um roteiro exploratório junto com análises qualitativa e levantamento de dados de fonte mista, com amostra intencional de 22 estudantes e 4 professores. Avaliaram-se habilidades cognoscitivas mediante testes neuropsicológicos normatizados para Colômbia e a didática foi explorada mediante entrevista semiestruturada seguindo categorias de ensino, aprendizagem e técnicas. As habilidades cognoscitivas foram analisadas mediante estatística descritiva e as entrevistas por análise de triangulação categorial, concluindo-se nas crianças importantes memória-velocidade e diminuída atenção e fluidez verbal, achados marcantes vinculados a didáticas baseadas no uso de fichas de aprendizagem, repetição, mecanização, enquanto os resultados inferiores foram associados ao uso de vídeo e passatempos.
ABSTRACT The study analyzed the relationship between teacher didactics and cognitive skills of attention, memory, speed and verbal fluidity in first-year students of a public school in Cúcuta-Colombia. An exploratory script was used, together with qualitative analysis and mixed-source data collection, with an intentional sample of 22 students and 4 teachers. Cognitive abilities were evaluated through neuropsychological tests standardized for Colombia, and didactics were explored through semi-structured interviews following categories of teaching, learning and techniques. Cognitive skills were analyzed using descriptive statistics and interviews by categorical triangulation analysis, concluding in important children memory-speed and reduced attention and verbal fluidity, remarkable findings linked to didactics based on the use of learning sheets, repetition, mechanization, while lower results were associated with the use of video and hobbies.
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Resumen Introducción: El primer capítulo dará cuenta de las percepciones sobre educación inicial y su relación con los ámbitos familiar y escolar y cómo inciden en el desempeño escolar en la infancia. El segundo capítulo referencia los estudios relacionados con las responsabilidades y obligaciones de la familia y la escuela en el acompañamiento educativo de los niños y finalmente se desarrolla un apartado que indaga las estrategias de acompañamiento educativo en el contexto familiar y escolar. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre las estrategias de acompañamiento educativo y familiar y su incidencia en el proceso formativo en la infancia. Materiales y Métodos: El enfoque privilegiado, es cualitativo a partir de una estrategia de revisión documental. Se presenta un estudio analítico de artículos de investigación, lo cual permite evidenciar el grado de profundización que ha tenido el tema en los últimos tiempos. Resultado: Carencia de estrategias de acompañamiento en el entorno familiar que sean exitosas y favorezcan el proceso educativo de los niños. Conclusión: Las instituciones gubernamentales continúan apostándole a la vinculación familia y escuela, pero la realidad muestra una brecha entre ellas que afecta de manera indirecta el proceso educativo en la infancia.
Abstract Introduction: The first will give an account of the perceptions about initial education and its relationship with the family and school environments and how they affect school performance in childhood. The second chapter refers to the studies related to the responsibilities and obligations of the family and the school in the educational accompaniment of children and finally a section is developed that investigates the educational accompaniment strategies in the family and school context. Objective: To carry out a bibliographic review on the strategies of educational and family support and their impact on the formative process in childhood. Methodology: The privileged approach is qualitative based on a document review strategy. An analytical study of research articles is presented, which shows the degree of deepening that the subject has had in recent times. Result: Lack of support strategies in the family environment that are successful and favor the educational process of children. Conclusion: Government institutions continue to focus on family and school ties, but reality shows a gap between them that indirectly affects the educational process in childhood.
Resumo Introdução: O acompanhamento educativo a nível escolar e familiar é o tema que pretendemos explorar em profundidade através da revisão documental das principais categorias deste estudo. O tema surge da necessidade observada nos centros educativos relativamente às estratégias utilizadas para acompanhar as curianas e à forma como as famílias são assertivamente envolvidas nos mesmos processos para benefício da formação académica dos seus filhos. O Objectivo deste artigo é realizar uma revisão bibliográfica das estratégias educativas e de acompanhamento familiar e do seu impacto no processo formativo na infância. Materiais e métodos: O enfoque é qualitativo, com base numa estratégia de revisão documental, é apresentado um estudo analítico de artigos de investigação, o que permite demonstrar o grau de estudo aprofundado do tema nos últimos tempos. Os resultados indicam uma falta de estratégias de apoio bem sucedidas no ambiente familiar que favorecem o processo educativo das crianças. Conclusões que as instituições governamentais continuam a concentrar-se na ligação entre a família e a escola, mas a realidade mostra um fosso entre elas que afecta indirectamente o processo educativo na infância.
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Objective: To identify effective strategies to increase the consumption of the product "Purita Mama" in pregnant and lactating women from Ñuble. Subjects and methods: Observational cross sectional study; two instruments were applied, the first one observing of consumption and acceptability of the product in pregnant and lactating women from a non-probabilistic sample; the second one applied to the health team showing major variations in the consumption from a non-probabilistic "intentional" sample. Results: The product was consumed by 38% of pregnant and 34.6% of lactating women; acceptability was regular in 54.6% and 48.2% of pregnant and lactating women, respectively. On the other hand, 34% of the professionals and technicians who work directly with pregnant and lactating women "did not know" the product. The main effective educational strategy implemented (60.2%), is product tasting. Conclusion: The largest consumption of the product is seen in those establishments who implement effective instructional strategies.
Objetivo: identificar estrategias efectivas para que los equipos de salud de la provincia de Ñuble - Chile incrementen el consumo del producto lácteo "Purita Mama" para gestantes y nodrizas. Sujetos y métodos: estudio observacional, pasivo de caso y control donde se aplicaron dos instrumentos, el primero de consumo y aceptabilidad del producto en gestantes y nodrizas a una muestra no probabilística "por cuota"; y el segundo, aplicado a los equipo de salud que presentó mayores variaciones en el consumo a una muestra no probabilística "intencional". Resultados: Consumen el producto 38% de las gestantes y 34,6% de las nodrizas; de las que lo consumen su aceptabilidad es regular en 54,6% de las gestantes y en 48,2% de las nodrizas. Por otra parte "no conocen el producto" 34% de los profesionales y técnicos que trabajan directamente con gestantes y nodrizas. La principal estrategia educativa efectiva implementada (60.2%), es la "degustación del producto". Conclusión: El mayor consumo del producto, se presenta en aquellos establecimientos donde se implementan estrategias educativas efectivas.
Subject(s)
Female , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Food and Nutrition Education , Eating , Pregnant Women , Milk , Foods for Pregnant and Nursing MothersABSTRACT
Objetivos: Establecer el uso de estilos de aprendizaje de estudiantes por parte de docentes del Programa de Enfermería al seleccionar las estrategias educativas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se tomaron 56 docentes y 199 estudiantes mayores de edad de primero a octavo semestre del programa de enfermería de una universidad de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Resultados: El 36.7% de los estudiantes tienen un estilo de aprendizaje Reflexivo. 80.4% de los docentes afirman tener conocimiento sobre los estilos de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, los docentes tienen dificultades en identificar los estilos de aprendizaje de sus estudiantes. La estrategia educativa más utilizada ha sido casos clínicos con un 23.2%. Asimismo, 77.7% de los docentes utiliza diferentes estrategias educativas. Conclusión: Las estrategias educativas utilizadas por los docentes no son acordes con los estilos de aprendizajes de los estudiantes. La mayoría de los docentes desarrollan sus clases basándose en casos clínicos, lo cual favorece principalmente a estudiantes con un estilo de aprendizaje activo, sin embargo, el estilo predominante en el Programa de Enfermería es el reflexivo. Estos hallazgos podrían dificultar el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanzaaprendizaje de estudiantes del programa.
Objective: to establish the use of learning styles of the students, by professors of the nursing program, at the moment they establish the educational strategies. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study. We took a sample of 56 teachers and 199 students, ages 18 and older, from first to eight semester of the Nursing Program in a University in the city of Barranquilla. Results: 36.7% of the students have a Reflexive learning style. 80.4% of the teachers are in agreement that they have knowledge about learning styles. However, the teachers have difficulties to identify the learning style of their students. The frequently used educational strategy has been clinical cases with 23.2%. Also, 77.7% of the teachers use other kinds of educational strategy. Conclusion: The educational strategies used by the teachers are not identical to the learning style of the students. The majority of the teachers develop their classes based on clinical cases which favor principally students with an active learning style; nevertheless the style that prevails in the nursing program is reflexive one. The previous finds might impede the development of the process of teaching - learning of the students of the program.
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Introducción: la implementación de programas de "Escritura a través del Currículum" (del inglés Writing across the curriculum, WAC) ha demostrado mejorar las habilidades de escritura y los conocimientos de la propia disciplina en estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar algunas de las estrategias identificadas como efectivas para mejorar la escritura de los estudiantes, en un curso piloto de una Escuela de Enfermería. Métodos: se conformó una comunidad de WAC, integrada por profesores, una asesora lingüística y ayudantes de escritura, y se implementaron estrategias probadamente efectivas. Para evaluar las estrategias implementadas se utilizó una actividad de escritura libre y el instrumento "Evaluación de las tareas de escritura". Resultados: tanto los profesores como los estudiantes estuvieron satisfechos con las estrategias utilizadas. Por otro lado, aunque los estudiantes no mostraron cambios en la percepción de sus habilidades para escribir, disminuyeron significativamente los errores en los informes que elaboraron. Conclusión: fue posible identificar estrategias que serían parte de un programa de WAC replicable que permitiría incrementar las habilidades de escritura en los estudiantes(AU)
Introduction: Implementation of "Writing across the curriculum" (WAC) syllabuses has shown to improve writing skills and knowledge about the discipline among university students. A pilot course was implemented in a nursing school to evaluate some of the strategies identified as effective to improve writing skills among students. Methods: A WAC community was constituted, made up of teachers, a linguistic advisor and writing assistants. Proven effective strategies were implemented. Evaluation of the strategies implemented was based on a free writing activity and the tool "Evaluation of writing assignments". Results: Both teachers and students were pleased with the strategies used. Even though students' perception of their own writing skills did not change, there was a significantly lower number of errors in the reports they wrote. I Conclusion: It was possible to identify the strategies to be included in a replicable WAC program allowing to improve writing skills among students(AU)
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Humans , Students, Nursing , Writing , Curriculum/standards , Pilot ProjectsABSTRACT
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi examinar características cognitivas, acadêmicas, afetivas e sociais de adolescentes talentosos e identificar fatores que favorecem ou dificultam o desenvolvimento de suas habilidades, a partir da percepção dos indivíduos talentosos, de seus familiares e professores. Participaram do estudo quatro adolescentes talentosos, 12 familiares e cinco professoras. A entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada como instrumento. Os resultados indicaram que as características cognitivas e acadêmicas mais reconhecidas foram: autodidatismo, facilidade para aprender e dedicação aos estudos. Entre as características afetivas e sociais, destacaram-se: determinação, timidez e preferência pelo isolamento social. Os fatores promotores do desenvolvimento do talento mais frequentes foram: suporte familiar e atendimento em sala de recursos. A principal barreira identificada foi o acesso a serviços especializados.
The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive, academic, affective and social characteristics of talented adolescents, and to identify factors that promote or inhibit the development of their abilities, based on their perception and of their family and teachers. Four talented students, 12 family members and five teachers participated in the study. A semi-structured interview was used as instrument. The results indicated that the most acknowledged cognitive and academic characteristics were: Autodidactism, easiness to learn, and dedication to studies. Among the affective and social characteristics, the ones highlighted were: determination, shyness, and preference for social isolation. Frequently indicated factors that promote talent development were: Family support and services in the resources room. The main barrier was the access to specialized services.
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Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent , Aptitude , Adolescent Behavior , Adolescent DevelopmentABSTRACT
Introducción La epidemia del VIH/sida en Cuba, se caracteriza por un aumento lento y sostenido, con mayor incidencia en el último quinquenio y en jóvenes entre 15 a 29 años. Objetivo Identificar las estrategias que se desarrollan en Cuba para la prevención de las infecciones de trasmisión sexual en los jóvenes. Métodos Revisión documental y entrevistas en profundidad a los ejecutores de los programas nacionales. Resultados Los programas dirigidos a los jóvenes estuvieron encaminados al desarrollo de conocimientos y comportamientos sexuales saludables. Las estrategias más empleadas fueron: educación, capacitación, consejería y campañas, se confeccionaron medios de apoyo: manuales, multimedia, juegos y accesorios. Existió sistematicidad en el desarrollo de las capacitaciones, sin embargo, no hubo adecuada permanencia de los consejeros y facilitadores una vez capacitados; no se comportó igual en los educadores pares y facilitadores de las escuelas. Los adolescentes encuestados tenían un buen nivel de conocimientos sobre las vías de transmisión y las formas de reducir el riesgo de contraer el VIH, sin embargo existió disonancia entre éstos y el uso sistemático del condón. Conclusiones Los jóvenes cubanos son beneficiados por el Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control del VIH/sida que cuenta con un componente educativo y participación intersectorial que tributa a diferentes estrategias educativas. Se comprueba que a pesar de su buen nivel de conocimientos sobre el VIH/sida, estos jovenes no son sistemáticos en el uso del condón. Se propone que en las capacitaciones y actividades educativas se refuercen las técnicas de reflexión y análisis, considerando la sensibilidad de los adolescentes a la opinión de sus iguales y su influencia en el comportamiento
Introduction The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba shows a slow sustained rise, with higher incidence in 15-29 years-old young people in the last five years. Objective To identify the strategies developed in Cuba for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in the young people. Methods Documentary review and in-depth interviews made to those who implement the national programs. Results The programs for young people were aimed at developing knowledge and healthy sexual behaviors. The most used strategies were education, training, counseling and campaigns; aid means were prepared such as manuals, multimedia, games and accessories. Training was systematic, however, advisers and facilitators, once trained, not always stayed in their posts, but the situation was not the same in peer educators and facilitators at schools. The surveyed teenagers exhibited good level of knowledge on ways of transmission and of reducing HIV risk. However, these pieces of knowledge did not influence the use of condom regularly. Conclusions The Cuban young people benefit from the National Program of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control with educational orientation and intersectoral involvement, leading to several educational strategies. It was confirmed that despite their good level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS, the young people do not use condom on a regular basis. It is suggested that reflection and analysis techniques be emphasized in the training and education activities, taking into account that the young people are sensitive to the opinions of their peers and this may have an effect on their behaviors
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Humans , Male , Female , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Adolescent , Education/methods , HIV Infections , Sexually Transmitted DiseasesABSTRACT
Atualmente, o Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade(TDA/H) é um dos distúrbios mais comuns apresentados na infância. Na pesquisa sobre esse assunto, a grande maioria dos trabalhos encontrados se refere às dificuldades e ao estresse das famílias, pois o relacionamento entre pais e filhos apresenta-se de forma mais conflituosa que o comum. Este estudo se propôs a estudar os pais de crianças em idade escolar com o diagnóstico deTDA/H, com o objetivo de identificar os tipos de estratégias educativas das quais eles fazem uso e quais consideram mais eficazes na orientação e educação dos filhos, bem como as estratégias mais utilizadas. Para tal, foi realizada a técnica do grupo focal, e entrevistas individuais. No tratamento dos dados, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo, conforme Olabuénega (1999), partindo dos seguintes eixos temáticos previamente estabelecidos a partir da literatura existente: descrição da parentalidade; dificuldades educativas dos TDA/H; estratégias educativas utilizadas; eficácia das estratégias. Os resultados mostraram que as estratégias utilizadas são: negociação, bater, castigo, chantagem e a tomada de consciência, como as mais usadas pelos pais.
Nowadays, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the commonest childhood disorders. Most research works on the subject refer to family stress and difficulties, as the relationship between those children and their parents generates more conflicts than usual. The aim of this article is to analyze the parents of school-age children with ADHD in order to identify what kind of educational strategies they use, and which ones they consider most effective to guide and educate their children, as well as to define the most commonly used ones. For such, the focal group technique and individual interviews were used. Data handling was based on content analysis, according to Olabuénega(1999), starting from the following thematic axes previously established by the literature: parenting description; educational difficulties of children with ADHD; adopted educational strategies; efficiency of strategies. Results showed strategies such as threat, beating, negotiation, punishment and awareness as the ones most used by parents.
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Humans , Male , Female , Child , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Learning Disabilities/psychology , Education/methodsABSTRACT
With the continually expanding enrollments in colleges and universities,the vulnerable groups among college students have also greatly increased,which must be addressed,stressed and focused by colleges and universities.This paper analyzes two major ethical social situations of this special group.Some countermeasures are also put forward in order to maintain stability in colleges and universities and strengthen the ethical and moral education for vulnerable groups among college students.